Here’s a chunk of a paper that I wrote for my college english class on the little bastards…
The Eurasian starling or sturnus vulgaris, as it is known by its scientific name, owes its beginnings on this continent (at least in part) to none other than the legendary playwright William Shakespeare. Shakespeare mentions the starling in the first act of his play Henry IV, wherein the character Hotspur contemplates using the starling’s superior mimicking ability to torment the king for his refusal to help free Hotspur’s brother-in-law. “Nay, I’ll have a starling shall be taught to speak nothing but ‘Mortimer, ” and give it to him to keep his anger still in motion” (1.3.218-225). What does this have to do with the starling finding its way to America? Enter a group called the American Acclimatization Society and a New York resident named Eugene Schieffelin. During the late 19th century the well intentioned folks at the American Acclimatization Society got together for the purpose of modifying the wildlife of the United States by distributing desirable flora and fauna around the country, including bringing all of the birds mentioned in Shakespeare’s plays to the New World. Schieffelin, acting as chairman of the Society oversaw the release of somewhere between 60-100 European Starlings into Central Park in 1891 (McGrath). The birds flourished and set off tidal wave of environmental disaster.
Native birds were not particularly well prepared for the introduction of this new form of competition for both food and breeding space (Fisher 746). Particularly hard hit were cavity nesting species like the American Bluebird and various types of woodpeckers. Bluebirds regularly find themselves being evicted by the much more aggressive starlings, which tend to either destroy the Bluebird’s eggs by rolling them out of the nest onto the ground or by simply cracking them open with their breaks and eating the contents. Worse, though, than the plight of the Bluebird is that of the Woodpecker. Woodpeckers are known as primary cavity nesters, meaning that they are the species that creates the holes in the trees to lay their eggs. Starlings will often observe the woodpecker completing a burrow, only to evict the woodpecker after it’s finished, stealing not only the woodpecker’s nesting area but also its hard work along the way (Aitken 2102). Some estimates put the reduction in Bluebird populations to be as much as 90% of their historic levels. These dramatic reductions are due at least in part to the aggressive nest raiding activities of the Starling. What difference does the loss of one bird for another make to the average person? Eastern Bluebirds are one of nature’s most effective predators of flying insects, including the mosquito. However, reducing predators isn’t the only way that Starlings have effected the pest population.
Flocks of starlings prove themselves to be a pest in their own right. From property damage caused by droppings under roosting trees to their raucous cries disrupting neighborhoods Starlings are themselves a pest. Add in the dangers that these birds pose to aircraft and starlings can be considered a first class menace.
A prime example of the dangers that birds can pose is the tale of US Airways Flight 1549. On January 15, 2009 Flight 1549 suffered a bird strike shortly after takeoff, causing the plane to lose power to both of its engines, forcing the captain to perform an emergency landing into the icy waters of the Hudson River. While the birds that Flight 1549 encountered were thought to have been geese, this still provides a prime example of how dangerous bird populations can be to commercial aircraft. The FAA estimates that bird strikes cause over 600 million dollars a year in damage to commercial and military aircraft, with as many as 2,100 strikes being attributed to starlings over the past 19 years (Casto). Despite their small size, Starlings are particularly dangerous because they travel in large flocks, and have a much higher body density than other birds, as much as 27% higher than herring gulls. This earns the starling the moniker of “flying bullets” among aviation experts.
Large flocks of starlings can also damage property due to their feces. When starlings are in their flocking mode, as many 100,000 can gather into areas as small as a city block. This dense buildup of birds causes an even denser buildup of feces. These feces contain high amounts of the corrosive chemical, uric acid. Uric acid eats through masonry, corrodes metal, and damages concrete (Paulik). These large amounts of bird feces are also sources for many bird borne diseases.
Bird borne diseases include the flu, west Nile virus, and various fungal infections just to name a few (Smith). While direct transmission is rare, birds do serve as a reservoir for various diseases, holding it until another method of transmission comes along. For instance, starlings have a fairly long infectious period for diseases such as the West Nile virus. West Nile, which is transmitted by mosquitoes, is not always fatal to starlings and they can live with the illness for as long as 3 weeks (Rappole). This is a much longer term than the lifespan of the average mosquito, allowing the disease to carry over from season to season, as well as moving the disease in and out of cooler climates during the bird’s annual migrations. The flu, also know as the avian flu is also spread by populations of starlings. However, the flu is shed both orally and fecally by the birds (Boon). This makes the birds very dangerous to humans especially when large populations are allowed to gather. Large flocks of starlings also pose problems for agricultural operations.
There are several ways that starlings negatively impact agricultural operations. First, large flocks of starlings can damage fruit trees by roosting in them in large numbers. The combined weight of thousands of birds can break limbs and tear off the tiny buds from which the fruit crop grows. Second, starlings have been shown to consume a broad variety of produce including cherries, apples, peaches, figs, grapes, strawberries, and blueberries. Also at risk are crops like corn, winter wheat, and milo (Glahn). Third, mobs of starlings can consume tons of livestock feed from animal feedlots every year. According to the USDA Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center a single 3 ounce starling can consume over 1 ounce of livestock feed per day. Viewed as single birds, the economic impact of this consumption seems minimal, but when large overwintering flocks are taken into account the story changes. At one once per bird a million strong flock of starlings might consume 27,500 tons of livestock feed during the winter months alone (Paulik). With the U.S. population of starlings estimated at over 140 million, it’s easy to see how these seemingly insignificant birds have a huge impact on commercial agriculture operations. (Glahn)