Dave,
I'm not a fisheries biologist, but I don't think so. I think a closer relative might be the redfish since they're a member of the drum family which I think is a distant relative. I've fished for permit, bonefish and redfish and it's amazing how similar all their feeding behaviors are. Trust me, carp are every bit as spooky as permit and can be even more finicky feeders. I'm not sure I will ever spend the big bucks again to go after the saltwater species when I have "Golden Bones" so close to home. As for great carp flies, I'd like to add a Poxyback Olive Stone to the list. The guys at the local flyshop here in OKC said that was one of their favorites for carp and I've had great success with them. I think last year about all Robert and I used were prince nymphs with great success, but this year we've both branched out a little experimenting with new patterns. I've also followed the advice of Long-Haired Dave and started using bigger sizes (#8 & #10) with about the same results. In fact, I caught my biggest carp to date (a fat 27 incher) on a size 8 chain head marabou pattern about two months ago. I think you should have as many tools in your tool box as possible to address anything these fish can throw at you and that's kind of what I've been doing as I learn more about them. Carp should get more respect but even the guys in my local flyfishers club still give me a hard time about my passion for these wonderful fish.